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Subject: FAQ: Artificial Intelligence Bibliography 4/6 [Monthly posting] Newsgroups: comp.ai,news.answers,comp.answers Summary: Bibliography of AI introductory texts, overviews and references Distribution: world Followup-To: poster Reply-To: mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu Organization: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Archive-name: ai-faq/general/part4 Last-Modified: Tue Sep 13 18:03:55 1994 by Mark Kantrowitz Version: 1.23 Maintainer: Mark Kantrowitz <mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu> URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu:8001/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/ai_general/top.html Size: 74163 bytes, 1937 lines ;;; **************************************************************** ;;; Answers to Questions about Artificial Intelligence ************* ;;; **************************************************************** ;;; Written by Mark Kantrowitz ;;; ai_4.faq This part of the AI FAQ provides a bibliography of good introductory texts and overviews of AI and specific subfields of AI. If you feel that there is a reference or set of references which should be added to this FAQ, or references which should be removed, please send email to mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu. When suggesting references to be included in a particular subfield, only suggest the best two or three references (or a particularly well-written overview). It is NOT the intention of this listing to be a comprehensive AI bibliography. Part 4 (Bibliography): Bibliography of introductory texts, overviews and references Addresses and phone numbers for major AI publishers Outline: [1] AI in general (Introductions, Overviews) [1a] Major AI Publishers [1b] How do I get a copy of the proceedings to conference <x>? [1c] How do I get a copy of <x>'s PhD dissertation? [2] Search and Game Playing [3] Knowledge Representation [4] Logic [5] Planning [6] Natural Language Processing (NLP) [7] Connectionism and Neural Nets [8] Machine Learning [9] Case-Based Reasoning [10] Genetic Algorithms [11] Production Systems, Expert Systems and Match Algorithms [12] Integrated AI Architectures [13] Fuzzy Logic [14] Artificial Life and Cellular Automata [15] Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning [16] Task-specific Architectures for Problem Solving [17] Automated Deduction [18] Probabilistic Reasoning [19] Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Truth Maintenance Systems (TMS) [20] Robotics and Computer Vision [21] Distributed AI [22] User/Agent Modeling [23] Philosophy of AI [24] What is Cyc? (Common Sense) [25] Miscellaneous: PhD Theses [26] Videotapes and Magazines [27] Constraint-based Scheduling [28] Music and AI [29] AI and Education [30] Blackboard Architectures [31] Temporal Reasoning and Modal Logic Search for [#] to get to question number # quickly. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [1] AI in general (Introductions, Overviews) Introductory texts: Elaine Rich & Kevin Knight, "Artificial Intelligence", 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991. ISBN 0-07-052263-4. [Source code is available from ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/areas/bookcode/knight/.] Patrick Henry Winston, "Artificial Intelligence", Third Edition, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1992, ISBN 0-201-53377-4. [Source code is in ftp.ai.mit.edu:/pub/ai3/.] Matthew L. Ginsberg, "Essentials of AI", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993, ISBN 1-55860-221-6, 430 pages, $49.95. [Topics include search, knowledge representation, logic, assumption-based truth maintenance, nonmonotonic reasoning, probability, frames, semantic nets, planning, learning, vision, natural language processing, and expert systems.] George Luger and William Stubblefield, "Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving", 2nd Edition, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1993. 720 pages, ISBN 0-8053-4780-1. [Includes algorithms implemented in Lisp and Prolog.] Ian Pratt, "Artificial Intelligence", Macmillan, London, 1994. 280 pages, ISBN 0-333-59755-9 ($35). [In-depth introduction to several AI topics, using inference as a central theme. As a result, omits topics like NLP, expert systems, vision, and robotics. But does, curiously, include a chapter on neural networks, in addition to planning, search, and other topics related to logic and reasoning. The presentation is superb, doing an excellent job of conveying the essential insights behind the concepts, followed by the technical details and pseudocode for the algorithms. Very good use of diagrams to explain difficult concepts. Heavily dependent on predicate calculus, with a tutorial introduction in the appendix. Suitable for an advanced undergraduate/introductory masters-level course. A longer version of this review is available as ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/pubs/books/reviews/pratt.txt] Thomas L. Dean, James Allen, John Aloimonons, "Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Practice", Benjamin/Cummings, 1994. 680 pages, ISBN 0-8053-25476. [Lisp/Scheme/C++ code will be available by anonymous ftp from bc.aw.com:/bc/dean/, along with selected illustrations from the text.] Overviews and References: Shapiro, Stuart C. (ed), "Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence", 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992. (1st ed, 1987) Alan Bundy, editor, "Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Techniques", 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 1990, ISBN 0-387-52959-4, 179 pages, $29.50. Avron Barr and Edward A. Feigenbaum, "The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence", volumes 1-4, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986. Sundermeyer, K., "Knowledge-Based Systems: Terminology and References", Wissenschaftverlag, 1991. ISBN 3-411-14941-8 Bonnie Lynn Webber and Nils J. Nilsson, "Readings in Artificial Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1981. Raymond Kurzweil's "The Age of Intelligent Machines", MIT Press, 1990, 565 pages, ISBN 0-262-11121-7, $39.95. [General Introduction] Glossaries and Dictionaries: Raoul N. Smith, editor, "The Facts on File Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence", Facts on File, New York, 1989, 211 pages. ISBN 0-8160-1593-3. Jerry M. Rosenberg, "Dictionary of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics", Wiley, New York, 1986, 203 pages. Ellen Thro, "The Artificial Intelligence Dictionary", Microtrend Books, San Marcos, CA, 1991, 407 pages, ISBN 0-915391-36-8. P610.8, "Draft Standard Glossary of Artificial Intelligence Terminology" referenced in "IEEE Std 610.12-1990, IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Technology, December 1990". Colin Beardon "Artificial Intelligence Terminology: a reference guide" John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1989, 283 pages. ISBN 0-7458-0718-6 Older general introductions and overviews: Nils J. Nilsson, "Principles of Artificial Intelligence", Tioga Publishing Company, Palo Alto, CA, 1980. Eugene Charniak and Drew V. McDermott, "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985. Firebaugh, Morris W., "Artificial Intelligence: A Knowledge-Based Approach", PWS-Kent, Massachusetts, 1989. ISBN 0-87835-325-9 Emphasis on the role of knowledge in the design of intelligent systems. Includes intro to AI programming languages, extensive discussion of expert systems and robotics, survey of parallel machine architectures, and identification of bottlenecks in the implementation of useful AI systems. Surveys: Howard E. Shrobe, editor, "Exploring Artificial Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1988. (Survey talks from the AAAI 1986 and 1987 conferences.) Applied AI: Hugh Cartwright <HCART@vax.ox.ac.uk>, "Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry" Oxford University Press, 1994. 92 pages, ISBN 0-19-855736-1. [An inexpensive text that is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in engineering, physical and life sciences who have little or no prior knowledge of AI. It provides an overview of the use and potential of AI methods in the sciences.] AI for C People: Herbert Schildt, "Artificial Intelligence Using C", McGraw-Hill, 1987. 412 pages. ISBN 0-07-881255-0. Herbert Schildt, "Artificial Intelligence Using C++", McGraw-Hill. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [1a] Major AI Publishers Ablex Publishing Corporation 355 Chestnut Street, Norwood, NJ 07648-2090 201-767-8455/8450 Fax: 201-767-6717 Academic Press 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, CA 92101 Orders: 800-321-5068 Fax: 619-699-6715 Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Route 128, 1 Jacob Way, Reading, MA 01867 800-447-2226 (617-944-3700) Fax: 617-944-8243 617-944-7273 E-mail: bexpress@aw.com (must register with Book Express via paper mail first) Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company 2727 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 415-854-0300 390 Bridge Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065 800-552-2499, 415-594-4400 Email: bookinfo@bc.aw.com Orders: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., Reading, MA 01867, 800-447-2226, fax 800-333-3328 Canadian Orders: Addison-Wesley Publishers Ltd., PO Box 580, 26 Prince Andrew Place, Don Mills Ontario, CANADA M3C 2T8 416-447-5101, fax 416-443-0948 International Orders: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, International Publishing Group, Jacob Way, Reading, MA 01867 617-944-3700, fax 617-944-0826 Information/Examination Copies: 800-950-2665 Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc. 3 Cambridge Center, Suite 208, Cambridge, MA 02142 617-225-0401 Fax: 617-225-0412 Osney Mead, PO Box 88, Oxford, 0X2 0EL, UK 0865-240201 Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10022 Orders: 800-221-4512, 212-924-3900, 800-872-7423 Columbia University Press 562 West 113th Street, New York, NY 10025 800-944-8648 Computer Science Press, Inc. 41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010-3546 212-576-9400 Computing Reviews 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 Cornell University Press Box 250, 124 Roberts Place, Ithica, NY 14851 800-666-2211 Digital Press 80 Montvale Avenue Stoneham, MA 02180 USA Tel: 800-366-2665 (USA) or 617-928-2500 Fax: 800-446-6520 (USA) or 617-933-6333 Elsevier Science Publishing 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10017 212-633-3827/3650 PO Box 211, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, The Netherlands 020-580-3641 Fax: 020-580-3769 Harvard University Press 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 617-495-2600/2480 Houghton Miflin Company One Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142 617-252-3000 One Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108 800-225-3362 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 212-850-6000 Kluwer Academic Publishers 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061. PO Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. 617-871-6600 Fax: 617-871-6528 Email: kluwer@world.std.com Ftp-server: ftp.std.com:/Kluwer/ (See journals/ and books/ subdirectories.) The Kluwer ftp server offers the complete table of contents for Kluwer's EE & CS journals, the Aims & Scope, Instruction for Authors, Ordering information, and LaTeX style files. This service can also be reached using gopher. Outside US: Kluwer Academic Publishers, PO Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31-78-524400 Fax: +31-78-183273 E-mail: services@wkap.nl Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 365 Broadway, Hillsdale, NJ 07642 800-926-6579, (201-666-4110) Fax: 201-666-2394 Email: orders@leahq.mhs.compuserve.com Little Brown & Company 34 Beacon Street, Boston, MA 02108 617-227-0730 Fax: 617-227-4633 Macmillan Publishing 866 Third Avenue, Third Floor, New York, NY 10022 800-257-5755 (212-702-2000) McGraw Hill Book Company 1221 Avenue of the Americas, 43rd Floor, New York, NY 10020 800-442-9685 (212-512-2000) MIT Press 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02139-1399 617-253-5642 Customer Service: 617-625-8481 Orders: 800-356-0343 (617-625-8569) Fax: 617-625-6660/9080 E-mail (orders): mitpress-orders@mit.edu E-mail (inquiries): mitpress-orders-inq@mit.edu Online catalogs: telnet techinfo.mit.edu and look under Around MIT \ Offices & Services \ MIT Press or use the gopher server, gopher://gopher.mit.edu:70/ In Europe, contact MIT Press, 14 Bloomsbury Square, London WC1A 2LP England, phone 071-404-0712, fax 071-404-0610 or via e-mail 100315.1423@compuserve.com. In Australia, contact Astam Books, 57-61 John Street, Leichhardt, NSW 2040 Australia, phone 02-566-4400, fax 02-566-4411. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. 340 Pine Street, Sixth Floor, San Francisco, CA 94104 USA Orders: 800-745-7323 (415-392-2665) Fax: 415-982-BOOK (= 415-982-2665) Email: orders@mkp.com Their "Readings in X" series is a good source of information on various AI topics. (Many of them are listed below.) In Europe: Direct Distribution, 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA, UK Tel (+44 273) 748427, Fax (+44 273) 722180 Oxford University Press 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 800-451-7556 Pergamon Press 395 Saw Mill River Road, Elmsford, NY 10523 800-257-5755 (914-592-7700) Prentice Hall Inc. College Division, 440 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 201-592-2377 Orders: 800-223-1360 (fax to 800-495-6991) 800-526-0485 Fax: 201-461-4573 Email: books@prenhall.com, catalogs@prenhall.com Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, NJ 08540 800-777-4726 Random House Publishing 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022 212-751-2600 Springer Verlag 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 800-SPRINGER/800-777-4643 (201-348-4033) Fax: 201-348-4505 University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 313-761-4700 Copies of PhD theses off of microfilm. University of Chicago Press 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 800-621-2736 (312-702-7700) Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc. 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003 212-254-3232 W. H. Freeman & Company 41 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010 212-576-9400 Fax: 212-689-2383 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 800-233-4830 (212-354-5500) ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [1b] How do I get a copy of the proceedings to conference <x>? First, ask your librarian for help. If your local library doesn't have it, they may be able to get it on interlibrary loan. If you want to buy your own copy, first check with the organization that ran the conference. See part 3 of the AI FAQ for a list of many of the AI organizations that sponsor conferences. If they can't help you, contact the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), and look up the proceedings in their Index to Scientific and Technical Proceedings (ISTP volumes). You can contact the ISI at Institute for Scientific Information, Inc. 3501 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Phone: 215-386-0100 Fax: 215-386-6362 Another source for proceedings author and subject indexes is: Directory of Published Proceedings. Series SEMT: Science/Engineering/Medicine/Technology. Published monthly with annual cumulations by InterDok, Harrison, NY. ISSN 0012-3293. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [1c] How do I get a copy of <x>'s PhD dissertation? Most dissertations from US universities are available from University Microfilms International, Inc. 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Phone: 800-521-0600 (313-761-4700) 800-343-5299 (in Canada) They will print a copy of the dissertation from microfilm and bind it in paperbound or cloth for a reasonable fee. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [2] Search [See also the Barr and Feigenbaum's Handbook of AI, chapter 1; Nilsson's Principles of AI, sections 2.4.1 through 2.4.4 (A*), sections 3.1 and 3.2 (AND/OR trees and AO*); the Mackworth paper in Readings in Artificial Intelligence; and R. Korf, "Search: A survey of recent results" in Shrobe's Exploring Artificial Intelligence, pages 197-237, August 1990.] Pearl, J. and Korf, R. E., "Search techniques", Annual Review of Computer Science, volume 2, J.F. Traub, B.J. Grosz, B.W. Lampson and N.J. Nilsson, editors, pages 451-467, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1987. L. Kanal and V. Kumar, "Search in Artificial Intelligence", Springer-Verlag, 1988. Hans J. Berliner, "The B* Tree Search Algorithm: A Best-First Proof Procedure", Artificial Intelligence, 12(1):23-40, May 1979. Also appears in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence". Pearl, J., "Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving", Addison-Wesley, 1984. Kirkpatrick, S. Gelatt, CD, and Vecchi, MP, "Optimization by Simulated Annealing", Science 220(4589):671-680, 1983. Hermann Kaindl, "Minimaxing: Theory and Practice", AI Magazine, 9(3):69-76, Fall 1988. Chris Thornton & Benedict du Boulay, "Artificial Intelligence Through Search" Kluwer Academic (Paperback version Intellect Books), Dordrecht Netherlands & Norwell, MA USA (Intellect at Oxford), 1992 Game Playing: David Levy, "Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design", Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-49532-1. David Levy, editor, "Computer Chess Compendium", 1991. Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, "Winning Ways, for Your Mathematical Plays", Academic Press, New York, 1982. Volume 1: Games in General (ISBN 0-12-091101-9). Volume 2: Games in Particular (ISBN 01-12-091102-7). Richard E. Korf, "Learning to solve problems by searching for macro-operators", Pitman, Boston, 1985. 147 pages, ISBN 0-273-08690-1. [Solution to Rubik's Cube, among other problems. This book is a revision of Korf's PhD thesis at CMU.] ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [3] Knowledge Representation [Several papers in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence" are relevant, including S. Amarel "On Representations of Problems on Reasoning about Actions" and P.J. Hayes "The Frame Problem and Related Problems in AI".] Overviews/Surveys: Hector J. Levesque, "Knowledge Representation and Reasoning", Annual Review of Computer Science 1:255-287, 1986. Ronald J. Brachman, "The Future of Knowledge Representation", in Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1990. Paper Collections: Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque, and Raymond Reiter, editors, "Knowledge Representation", MIT Press, 1992, 416 pages. ISBN 0-262-52168-7, $30. Nick Cercone and Gordon McCalla, editors, "The Knowledge Frontier: Essays in the Representation of Knowledge", Springer-Verlag, New York, 1987. 512 pages, $40.00, ISBN 0-38796-557-2. (This is the much revised version of a special issue of COMPUTER on KR.) Brachman, Ronald J., Levesque, Hector J. and Reiter, Ray, editors, Special Volume on Knowledge Representation, Artificial Intelligence 49(1-3), January, 1991. Brachman, Ronald J. and Levesque, Hector J., editors, "Readings in Knowledge Representation", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1985. See also the proceedings of the International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, (KR-89, KR-91, KR-92, and KR-94), all of which were published by Morgan Kaufmann. Papers: Ronald J. Brachman and James G. Schmolze, "An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system", Cognitive Science, 9:171-216, 1985. Allen Newell, "The Knowledge Level", Artificial Intelligence, 18:87-127, 1982. Allen Newell and Herb Simon, "Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry: Symbols and Search", Communications of the ACM, 19(3):113-126, 1976. Ronald J. Brachman, " ``I lied about the trees'', or, defaults and definitions in knowledge representation", AI Magazine 6(3):80-93, 1985. Bernhard Nebel and Gert Smolka, "Attributive Description Formalisms ... and the Rest of the World", in Otthein Herzog and Claus-Rainer Rollinger, editors, Text Understanding in LILOG, Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence #546, pages 439-452, 1991. [Theoretical results in the area of description logics.] James G. Schmolze and William A. Woods, "The KL-ONE Family", in F. Lehmann, editor, Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence, Pergamon Press, 1992. [History of description logics (KL-ONE style systems).] W.A. Woods, "What's in a link: Foundations for semantic networks", In D.G. Bobrow & A. Collins (Eds.), "Representation and Understanding", Academic Press, New York, 1975. Reprinted in "Readings in Cognitive Science", Collins & Smith (eds.), section 2.2. Semantic Networks: Fritz Lehmann, Editor, "Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence", Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1992. (Appeared as a double special issue of Computers and Mathematics with Applications 23(2-9), 1992.) John Sowa, Editor, "Principles of Semantic Networks", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1991. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [4] Logic Logic in AI: Genesereth, M.R. and Nilsson, N.J., "Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1987. Constraint Logic Programming: Pascal Van Hentenryck, "Constraint Satisfaction in Logic Programming", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0-262-08181-4. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [6] Natural Language Processing (NLP) General: Gazdar, G. and Mellish, C., "Natural Language Processing in Lisp: An Introduction to Computational Linguistics", Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1989. (There are three different editions of the book, one for Lisp, one for Prolog, and one for Pop-11.) Michael A. Covington, "Natural Language Processing for Prolog Programmers", Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994. ISBN 0-13-629213-5. Grosz, Barbara J., Sparck-Jones, Karen, and Webber, Bonnie L., "Readings in Natural Language Processing", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1986, 664 pages. ISBN 0-934613-11-7, $44.95. Robert C. Berwick, "Computational Linguistics", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989, ISBN 0262-02266-4. Brady, Michael, and Berwick, Robert C., "Computational Models of Discourse", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983. Klaus K. Obermeier, "Natural Language Processing Technologies in Artificial Intelligence: The Science and Industry Perspective", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Allen, James F., "Natural Language Understanding", The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, California, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts), 1988, 550 pages, ISBN 0-8053-0330-8. [A new edition is forthcoming, ISBN 0-8053-0334-0, 625 pages.] Code for the book is available from bc.aw.com:/bc/allen/ ftp.cs.rochester.edu:/pub/james/NLcode/ ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/areas/nlp/bookcode/allen/ Terry Winograd, "Language as a Cognitive Process", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1983. Schank, R. and Abelson, R. "Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding," Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1977. Terminology: David Crystal, "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics", 3rd Edition, Basil Blackwell Publishers, New York, 1991. Parsing: Tomita, M. (Editor), "Current Issues in Parsing Technology", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, 1991. Tomita, M., "An Efficient Context-Free Parsing Algorithm", Computational Linguistics 13:31-46, 1987. Marcus, M. "A Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language," The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980. Pereira, F. and Sheiber, S. "Prolog and Natural-Language Analysis," Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1987. Dick Grune and Ceriel J.H. Jacobs, "Parsing Techniques -- A Practical Guide", Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, 1990. 320 pages, ISBN 0-13-651431-6. [Covers most parsing algorithms and includes an extensive annotated bibliography.] For more information, see http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/PTAPG.html or ftp://ftp.cs.vu.nl/pub/dick/PTAPG/ Probabilistic Parsing: Wright, J., "LR Parsing of Probabilistic Grammars with Input Uncertainty for Speech Recognition", Computer Speech and Language 4:297-323, 1990. Ted Briscoe and John Carroll, "Generalised Probabilistic LR Parsing of Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-based Grammars", University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Technical Report Number 224, 1991. Zhi Biao Wu, Loke Soo Hsu, and Chew Lim Tan, "A Survey of Statistical Approaches to Natural Language Processing", Technical report TRA4/92, Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, National University of Singapore, 1992 Natural Language Understanding: E. Charniak, "Passing Markers: A Theory of Contextual Influence in Language Comprehension", Cognitive Science, 7:171-190, 1983. Bertram C. Bruce, "Case systems for natural language", Artificial Intelligence 6:327-360, 1975. Yorick Wilks, "A Preferential, Pattern-Seeking, Semantics For Natural Language Inference", Artificial Intelligence, 6:53-74, 1975. Dyer, M. "In-Depth Understanding: A Computer Model of Integrated Processing for Narrative Comprehension," MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1983. Aravind Joshi, Bonnie Webber and Ivan Sag, "Elements of Discourse Understanding", Cambridge University Press, New York, 1981. Grosz, Barbara J. and Sidner, Candace L., "Attention, Intention, and the Structure of Discourse", Computational Linguistics 12(3):175-204, 1986. Cohen, P. R., Morgan, J. and Pollack, M., editors, "Intentions in Communication", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990. Natural Language Interfaces: Raymond C. Perrault and Barbara J. Grosz, "Natural Language Interfaces", Annual Review of Computer Science, volume 1, J.F. Traub, editor, pages 435-452, Annual Reviews Inc., Palo Alto, CA, 1986. Natural Language Generation: McKeown, Kathleen R. and Swartout, William R., "Language Generation and Explanation", in Zock, M. and Sabah, G., editors, Advances in Natural Language Generation, Volume 1, Pages 1-51, Ablex Publishing Company, Norwood, NJ, 1988. (Overview of the state of the art in natural language generation.) There are several books published as a result of the international workshops on natural language generation. Speech: John Allen, Sharon Hunnicut and Dennis H. Klatt, "From Text to Speech: The MITalk System", Cambridge University Press, 1987. [Synthesis, precursor of DECtalk.] Frank Fallside and William A. Woods (editors), "Computer Speech Processing" Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1985. X. D. Huang, Y. Ariki and M. A. Jack, "Hidden Markov Models for Speech Recognition", Edinburgh University Press, 1990. [Analysis] A. Nejat Ince (editor), "Digital Speech Processing: Speech Coding, Synthesis, and Recognition", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1992. [Analysis and Synthesis] Dennis H. Klatt, "Review of Text-To-Speech Conversion for English", Journal of the Acoustic Society of America (JASA), 82(3):737-793, September 1987. [Synthesis. Seminal article; biased toward formant synthesis.] Kai-Fu Lee, "Automatic Speech Recognition: The Development of the SPHINX System", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 1989. [Analysis] S. E. Levinson, L. R. Rabiner and M. M. Sondhi, "An Introduction to the Application of the Theory of Probabilistic Functions of a Markov Process to Automatic Speech Recognition" in Bell Syst. Tech. Journal 62(4):1035-1074, April 1983. [Analysis] R. P. Lippmann, "Review of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition", Neural Computation, 1(1):1-38, 1989. [Analysis] Douglas O'Shaughnessy, "Speech Communication: Human and Machine" Addison-Wesley, MA, 1987. [Analysis and Synthesis] Lawrence R. Rabiner and Ronald W. Schafer, "Digital Processing of Speech Signals", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1978. [Analysis and Synthesis] Lawrence R. Rabiner and Biing-Hwang Juang, "Fundamentals of Speech Recognition", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. ISBN 0-13-015157-2. [Analysis] Ronald W. Schafer and John D. Markel (editors), "Speech Analysis", IEEE Press, New York, 1979. [Analysis] Alex Waibel and Kai-Fu Lee (editors), "Readings in Speech Recognition" Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1990, 680 pages. ISBN 1-55860-124-4, $49.95. [Analysis] Alex Waibel, "Prosody and Speech Recognition", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1988. [Analysis] Machine Translation: W. John Hutchins and Harold L. Somers, "An Introduction to Machine Translation", Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. 362 pages, ISBN 0-123-62830-X. Bonnie J. Dorr, "Machine Translation: A View from the Lexicon" MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1993. 408 pages, ISBN 0-262-04138-3 ($45). Kenneth Goodman and Sergei Nirenburg., editors, "The KBMT Project: A Case Study in Knowledge-Based Machine Translation", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1991. 331 pages, ISBN 1-558-60129-5, $34.95. The journal "Machine Translation" is the principle forum for current research. A review of MT systems on the market appeared in BYTE 18(1), January 1993. Reversible Grammars: Gertjan van Noord, "Reversible Unification Based Machine Translation", COLING-90, pages 299-304, 1990. Tomek Strzalkowski, "Reversible logic grammars for natural language parsing and generation", Computational Intelligence 6(3):145-171, August 1990. Tomek Strzalkowski, editor, "Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing, UC Berkeley, 1991. (See especially Remi Zajac's paper.) Linguistics: Vivian J. Cook, "Chomsky's Universal Grammar: An Introduction", Basil Blackwell Publisher, New York, 1988, 201 pages. Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, "An Introduction to Language", Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 4th edition, 1988, 474 pages. Ralph Grishman, "Computational Linguistics: An Introduction", Cambridge University Press, New York, 1986, 193 pages. Liliane M.V. Haegeman, "Introduction to Government and Binding Theory", Basil Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1991, 618 pages. Michael A. K. Halliday, "An Introduction to Functional Grammar", Edward Arnold, London, 1985. Geoffrey C. Horrocks, "Generative Grammar", Longman, London, 1987, 339 pages. Andrew Radford, "Transformational Grammar: A First Course", Cambridge University Press, New York, 1988, 625 pages. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [5] Planning Intros, Overviews, Paper Collections: James Allen, James Hendler and Austin Tate, editors, "Readings in Planning", Morgan-Kaufmann Publishers, 1990. 754 pages, ISBN 1-55860-130-9 paper ($49.95). James Hendler, Austin Tate and Mark Drummond, "AI Planning: Systems and Techniques", AI Magazine, May, 1990. (Review article.) Georgeff, M. P., "Planning," in Annual Review of Computer Science, Annual Reviews Inc., pages 359-400, 1987. Drew McDermott, "Robot Planning", AI Magazine 13(2):55-79, Summer 1992. William R. Swartout, "DARPA Workshop on Planning", AI Magazine, 9(2):115-131, Summer, 1988. (Survey of current work and issues in planning.) [See also Waldinger's "Achieving several goals simultaneously", in "Readings in Artificial Intelligence".] STRIPS: Fikes, R.E. and Nilsson, N.J., "STRIPS: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving", Artificial Intelligence 2:189-208, 1971. ABSTRIPS: Sacerdoti, E. D., "Planning in a Hierarchy of Abstraction Spaces," Artificial Intelligence, 5:115-135, 1974. Conjunctive Goals: Chapman, D., "Planning for Conjunctive Goals", Artificial Intelligence 32:333-377, 1987. NOAH: Sacerdoti, E., "A Structure for Plans and Behavior", Artificial Intelligence, pages 1-65, American Elsevier, New York, 1977. Sacerdoti, E. D., "The Nonlinear Nature of Plans," Proc. of the Fourth Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1975, 206-214. Reactive Planning: Agre P.E. and Chapman, D., "Pengi: An Implementation of a Theory of Activity", in Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, July 1987. Georgeoff, M.P. and Lansky, A.L., "Reactive Reasoning and Planning", in Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, WA, pages 677-682, July 1987. Simmons, R.G., "A theory of debugging plans and interpretations", in Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-88), Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Palo Alto, CA, pages 94-99, 1988. Case-based Planning: Hammond, K., "Case-based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task", Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989. Miscellaneous: Thomas Dean and Michael Wellman, "Planning and Control", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1991, 486 pages, ISBN 1-55860-209-7, $49.95. Stefik, M.J., "Planning with Constraints", Artificial Intelligence 15:111-140 and 16:141-170, 1981. Wilkins, D.E., "Domain-Independent Planning: Representation and Plan Generation", Artificial Intelligence 22:269-301, 1984. R. Wilensky, "Meta-Planning: Representing and Using Knowledge About Planning in Problem Solving and Natural Language Understanding", Cognitive Science 5:197-233, 1981. Reprinted in Readings in Cognitive Science, Collins & Smith (eds.), section 5.6. Thomas Dean and R. James Firby and David Miller, "Hierarchical Planning Involving Deadlines, Travel Time, and Resources", Computing Intelligence 4:381-398, 1988. R.S. Aylett and A.N. Fish and S.R. Bartrum, "Task planning in an uncertain world", International Conference on Control 2:801-806, 1991. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [7] Connectionism and Neural Nets Introductions and Overviews: Geoffrey E. Hinton, "Connectionist Learning Procedures", Artificial Intelligence 40(1-3):185-234, 1989. Reprinted in J. Carbonell, editor, "Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods", MIT Press, 1990. Also appears as Technical Report CMU-CS-87-115 (version 2), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1987. Kevin Knight, "A gentle introduction to subsymbolic computation: Connectionism for the AI researcher". Technical Report CMU-CS-89-150, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA, May 30, 1989. Scott Fahlman and Geoffrey Hinton, "Connectionist Architectures for Artificial Intelligence", IEEE Computer 20(1):100-109, January 1987. John Hertz, Anders Krogh, and Richard G. Palmer, "Introduction to the Theory of Neural Computation", Addison-Wesley, 1991. 327 pages, ISBN 0-201-51560-1. Hecht-Nielsen, Robert, "Neurocomputing", Addison-Wesley, 1990, 433 pages. ISBN 0-201-09355-3. Wasserman, Phillip D., "Neural Computing: Theory and Practice", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989. Freeman, James A., and Skapura, David M., "Neural Networks: Algorithms, Applications and Programming Techniques", Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 1991. 401 pages, ISBN 0-201-51376-5. Judith Dayhoff, "Neural Network Architectures: An Introduction", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990, 259 pages, ISBN 0-442-20744-1. Shorter Intros: Geoffrey E. Hinton, "How neural networks learn from experience", Scientific American 267(3):144-151, 1992. Kevin Knight, "Connectionist ideas and algorithms", CACM 33:59-74, 1990. Surveys: Ottmar Lutzy and Andreas Dengel <dengel@dfki.uni-kl.de>, "A Comparison of Neural Net Simulators" IEEE Expert 8(4), August 1993. [Comparison of free neural network simulators on a backpropagation OCR task.] Recipes: Timothy Masters, "Practical Neural Network Recipes in C++", Academic Press, 1993. 493 pages, ISBN 0-12-479040-2 ($44.95). Timothy Masters, "Signal and Image Processing with Neural Networks: A C++ Sourcebook", Wiley, 1994. $44.95 including diskette. Paper Collections: Rumelhart, D.E, and McClelland, J.L., editors, "Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition" (Vol. 1: Foundations; Vol. 2: Psychological and Biological Models), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986. Waltz, D., and Feldman, J.A., "Connectionist Models and their Implications: Readings from _Cognitive Science_", Ablex, 1988. Mark Watson, "Common Lisp Modules -- Artificial Intelligence in the Era of Neural Networks and Chaos Theory", Springer-Verlag, 1991. Includes code written in Macintosh Common Lisp and uses the Mac graphical interface (the modules are portable to other Common Lisp implementations, but without the graphics). Anderson, J.A., and Rosenfeld, E., editors, "Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research", Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1988. Also "Neurocomputing Vol. 2: Directions for Research", Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1991. Hinton, G.E., and Anderson, J.A., editors, "Parallel Models of Associative Memory" (updated edition), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989. Hinton, G.E., editor, "Connectionist Symbol Processing", MIT Press, 1990. [Was a special issue of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 46, nos. 1-2.] Touretzky, D.S., editor, "Neural Information Processing Systems", volumes 1-4 (1988-1991), Morgan Kaufmann. [Proceedings from the premier conference on neural networks.] Connectionist Language Processing: See the special issue of _Connection Science_, Volume 2 Numbers 1-2, 1990. Also the Hinton collection "Connectionist Symbol Processing", above. Ronan G. Reilly and Noel E. Sharkey, editors, "Connectionist approaches to natural language processing", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992. 472 pages, ISBN 0-863-77179-3. [Paper collection.] Connectionist Cognitive Science: Barnden, J.A., and Pollack, J.B., "Advances in Connectionist and Neural Computation Theory Vol. 1: High-Level Connectionist Models", Ablex, 1991. Quinlan, P., "Connectionism and Psychology: A Psychological Perspective on New Connectionist Research", University of Chicago Press, 1991. Waltz, D., and Feldman, J.A., editors, "Connectionist Models and their Implications: Readings from _Cognitive Science_", Ablex, 1988. McCloskey, M., "Networks and theories: The place of connectionism in cognitive science", Psychological Science 2:387-395, 1991. Philosophical Foundations: Pinker, S., and Mehler, J, editors, "Connections and Symbols", MIT Press, 1988. [Was Cognition special issue Volume 28, 1988] Clark, A., "Microcognition: Philosophy, Cognitive Science, and Parallel Distributed Processing", MIT Press, 1989. Simulated Annealing: Emile H.L. Aarts and Jan Korst, "Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines" John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. 272 pages. $52.00. ISBN 0-471921-467. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [8] Machine Learning General: J. G. Carbonell, editor, "Machine Learning: Paradigms and Methods", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1990. Jude W. Shavlik and Thomas D. Dietterich, editors, "Readings in Machine Learning", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1990, 853 pages. ISBN 1-55860-143-0, $49.95. Tom Mitchell, Jaime G. Carbonell, and Ryszard S. Michalski, "Machine Learning: A guide to current research", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1986. [A bit out of date.] Alan Hutchinson, "Algorithmic Learning", Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1994. 434 pages, ISBN 0-19-853848-0 paper (27.50 Sterling), ISBN 0-19-853766-2 hardcover (55.00 Sterling). Corrections and additions are available by anonymous ftp from dcs.kcl.ac.uk:/ftp/pub/alg-learn/ [137.73.8.10] [See also the article on Machine Learning from the Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, pages 464-485.] Decision Trees: Quinlan, J. Ross, "Induction of Decision Trees", Machine Learning 1(1):81-106, 1986. Quinlan, J. Ross, "C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1992. ISBN 1-55860-238-0. $44.95 US, $49.45 International. For a slight additional charge ($25), the book comes with software (ISBN 1-55860-240-2). For software only, (ISBN 1-55860-239-9) $34.95 US, $38.45 International. Probabilistic Clustering: Fisher, D.H., "Knowledge Acquisition Via Incremental Conceptual Clustering", Machine Learning 2:139-172, 1987. (Probabilistic clustering methods.) Clancey, W.J., "Classification Problem Solving", Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 49-55, Los Altos, CA, Morgan Kaufmann. 1984. Version Spaces: Tom M. Mitchell, "Generalization as Search", Artificial Intelligence 18:203-226, 1982. Machine Discovery: Langley, P., and Zytkow, J. M., "Data-driven approaches to empirical discovery", Artificial Intelligence 40:283-312, 1989. Langley, P., Simon, H.A., Bradshaw, G.L., and Zytkow, J.M., "Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Processes", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987. Langley, P., Simon, H.A. and Bradshaw, G.L., "Heuristics for Empirical Discovery", in L. Bolc, editor, Computational Models of Learning, Springer-Verlag, 1987. Also appears as CMU CS Tech Report CMU-CS-84-14. Chunking: Laird J.E., Rosenbloom, P.S. and Newell, A., "Chunking in SOAR: The Anatomy of a General Learning Mechanism", Machine Learning 1:1-46, 1986. Explanation-Based Learning: Mitchell, Tom M., Keller, R. M., and Kedar-Cabelli, S. T., "Explanation-based learning: A unified view", Machine Learning 1:47-80, 1986. Derivational Analogy: Carbonell, J. G., "Derivational analogy: A theory of reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition." In R.S. Michalski, Jaime G. Carbonell, and Tom M. Mitchell, editors, Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1986. Theoretical Results: Leslie G. Valiant, "A theory of the learnable", Communications of the ACM, 27(11):1134--1142, 1984. Haussler, D., "Quantifying Inductive Bias: AI Learning Algorithms and Valiant's Learning Framework", Artificial Intelligence, 36:177-221, 1988. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [9] Case-Based Reasoning Roger C. Schank, "Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People", Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 1982. Roger C. Schank and C. Riesbeck, "Inside Case-Based Reasoning", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989. Roger C. Schank, A. Kass, and C. K. Riesbeck, "Inside Case-Based Explanation", Lawrence Erlbaum, 1994. Craig Stanfill and David Waltz, "Toward Memory-Based Reasoning", Communications of the ACM, 29(12):1213-1228, December 1986. (Memory-based reasoning.) Janet Kolodner, "Case-Based Reasoning", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA, 1993, 612 pages, ISBN 1-55860-237-2, $54.95. Janet L. Kolodner, editor, "Special issue on Case-Based Reasoning", Machine Learning 10(3), 1993. See also the Proceedings of the AAAI Workshops on Case-Based Reasoning in 1993 and 1994. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [10] Genetic Algorithms For an extended bibliography, see the FAQ posting for comp.ai.genetic. Overviews: L. B. Booker, D.E. Goldberg and J.H. Holland, "Classifier Systems and Genetic Algorithms", Artificial Intelligence 40(1-3):235-282, September 1989. David E. Goldberg, "Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989, 412 pages. ISBN 0-201-15767-5. Davis, Lawrence (editor), "Handbook of Genetic Algorithms", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991, ISBN 0-442-00173-8. D.B. Fogel, "An Introduction to Simulated Evolutionary Optimization", IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 5(1):3-14, 1994. [Survey of evolutionary computation, including genetic algorithms, evolution strategies and evolutionary programming.] M. Srinivas and Lalit M. Patnaik, "Genetic Algorithms: A Survey", IEEE Computer 27(6):17-26, July 1994. Jose L. Ribeiro Filho, Philip C. Treleaven, and Cesare Alippi, "Genetic-Algorithm Programming Environments", IEEE Computer 27(6):28-43, July 1994. See also the July 1992 issue of Scientific American. Collections: Davis, Lawrence, editor, "Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing", Morgan Kaufmann, 1989. Rawlins, G., editor, "Foundations of Genetic Algorithms", Morgan Kaufmann, 1991. See also the Proceedings of the First/Second/Third/Fourth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, published by Lawrence Erlbaum. Miscellaneous: Holland, J.H. "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems", University of Michigan Press, 1975. Reprinted by MIT Press, 1992. Holland, J.H., Holyoak, K.J., Nisbett, R.E., and Thagard, P.R., "Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery", MIT Press, 1988. Michalewicz, Z., "Genetic algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs", Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Genetic Programming: Koza, John R., "Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection", MIT Press, 1992, 819 pages. ISBN 0-262-11170-5 ($55). Koza, John R., "Genetic Programming II: Automatic Discovery of Reusable Subprograms", MIT Press, 1994. 746 pages, ISBN 0-262-11189-6 ($45). ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [11] Production Systems, Expert Systems and Match Algorithms See the Expert System Shells FAQ. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [12] Integrated AI Architectures Kurt VanLehn, editor, "Architectures for Intelligence", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991. SOAR: John E. Laird, Allen Newell, and Paul S. Rosenbloom, "SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence", Artificial Intelligence, 33(1):1-64, 1987. Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird, and Allen Newell, editors, "The SOAR Papers", MIT Press, 1993. 1,510 pages in 2 volumes, ISBN 0-262-68071-8 paper ($65). PRODIGY: Steven Minton, Jaime G. Carbonell, Craig A. Knoblock, Daniel R. Kuokka, Oren Etzioni, and Yolanda Gil. "Explanation-based learning: A problem solving perspective". Technical Report CMU-CS-89-103, Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989. THEO: Tom M. Mitchell, J. Allen, P. Chalasani, J. Cheng, Oren Etzioni, Marc Ringuette, and Jeffrey Schlimmer, "THEO: A Framework for Self-Improving Systems", in Kurt VanLehn, editor, Architectures for Intelligence, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991. Subsumption Architectures: Brooks, R., "A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot", IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, RA-2, pages 14-23, April 1986. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [13] Fuzzy Logic Introductions/Textbooks: Klir, George J. and Folger, Tina A., "Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty, and Information", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988, 355 pages. ISBN 0-13-345984-5 Zimmermann, Hans J., "Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications", Boston, MA, Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, 1985. [Discusses fuzzy set theory but not much about fuzzy control.] Kosko, B., "Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992. Earl Cox, "The Fuzzy Systems Handbook: A Practitioner's Guide to Building, Using, and Maintaining Fuzzy Systems", Academic Press, Boston, MA 1994. 615 pages, ISBN 0-12-194270-8 ($49.95). [Includes disk with ANSI C++ source code.] Readings: Didier Dubois, Henri Prade, and Ronald R. Yager, editors, "Readings in Fuzzy Sets for Intelligent Systems", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1993. 916 pages, ISBN 1-55860-257-7 paper ($49.95). R. Yager and L. Zadeh, editors, "An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic: Applications in Intelligent Systems" Kluwer, 1992. $90. [Collection of papers about fuzzy applications.] Papers: Zadeh, L.A., "Fuzzy Sets," Information and Control, 8, 338-353, 1965. Brubaker, D.I., "Fuzzy-logic Basics: Intuitive Rules Replace Complex Math," EDN, June 18, 1992. Schwartz, D.G. and Klir, G.J., "Fuzzy Logic Flowers in Japan," IEEE Spectrum, July 1992. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [14] Artificial Life and Cellular Automata The best source for information is the proceedings of the Artificial Life conferences. The proceedings were edited by Christopher G. Langton and published by Addison-Wesley. Langton, Chris G., editor, "Artificial Life" (Proceedings of the First International Conference '87), Addison-Wesley, 1989. ISBN 0-201-09356-1. Langton, C.G., Taylor, C., Farmer, J.D., and Rasmussen, S., editors, "Artificial Life II", Addison-Wesley, 1991. ISBN 0-201-52751-2. Langton, C.G., editor, "Artificial Life III", Addison-Wesley, 1994. ISBN 0-201-62494-X. Animals to Animats Conferences: Jean-Arcady Meyer and Stewart W. Wilson, "From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (1990, Paris, France)", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. 551 pages, $55, ISBN 0-262-63138-5. Jean-Arcady Meyer, Herbert L. Roitblat, and Stewart W. Wilson, editors, "From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993. 523 pages, $55, ISBN 0-262-63149-0. Francisco J. Varela and Paul Bourgine, editors, "Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life", Complex Adaptive Systems Series, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992. 515 pages, $55.00, ISBN 0-262-72019-1. Artificial Life: Levy, S., "Artificial Life", Pantheon, New York, 1992. ISBN 0-679-40774-X. [An excellent popularization] Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz and Aristid Lindenmayer, "The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants", Springer-Verlag, 1990. 228 pages, ISBN 0-387-97297-8 hardcover ($40). Cellular Automata: Forrest, S., editor, "Emergent Computation", MIT Press, 1991. J. D. Farmer, T. Toffoli, and S. Wolfram, "Cellular Automata", North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1984. Howard Gutowitz, "Cellular Automata: Theory and Experiment", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1991. ISBN 0-262-57086-6. Tommaso Toffoli and Norman Margolus, "Cellular Automata Machines: A New Environment for Modeling", MIT Press, 1987. Andrew Wuensche and Mike Lesser, "The Global Dynamics of Cellular Automata", Addison-Wesley, 1992. IBSN 0-201-55740-1. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [15] Qualitative Physics and Model Based Reasoning QP Theory: Forbus, K. D., Qualitative Process Theory, Artificial Intelligence, 24:85-168, 1984. QSIM: Kuipers, B., Qualitative Reasoning with Causal Models in Diagnosis of Complex Systems, In D. S. Weld & J. deKleer, editors, Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems, pages 257-274, chapter 10, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1989. MBR-based Diagnosis: Davis, R., Diagnostic Reasoning Based on Structure and Behavior, Artificial Intelligence, 24:347-410, 1984. Function-based MBR: Sticklen, J., Chandrasekaran, B., & Bond, W. Distributed Causal Reasoning. Knowledge Acquisition, 1:139-162, 1989. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [16] Task-specific Architectures for Problem Solving Generic Tasks: Chandrasekaran, B., Towards a Functional Architecture for Intelligence Based on Generic Information Processing Tasks, In IJCAI-87, pages 1183-1192, Milan, 1987. Components of Expertise: Steels, L., The Components of Expertise. AI Magazine, Summer, 1990. KADS: Breuker, J., & Wielinga, B., Models of Expertise in Knowledge Acquisition, in G. Guida & C. Tasso, editors, Topics in Expert Systems Design: Methodologies and Tools, Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company, 1989. Role-limiting Methods: McDermott, J., Preliminary Steps Toward a Taxonomy of Problem-Solving Methods, in S. Marcus, editor, Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Expert Systems, pages 225-255, Boston: Kluver Academic Publishers, 1988. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [17] Automated Deduction/Theorem Proving C. Chang and R.C. Lee, "Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving", Academic Press, 1973. Alan Bundy, "The Computer Modelling of Mathematical Reasoning", Academic Press, 1983. [Contains Prolog code for a simple resolution-based theorem prover.] David Duffy, "Principles of Automated Theorem Proving", John Wiley and Sons, 1991. Larry Wos and Ross Overbeek and Ewing Lusk and Jim Boyle, "Automated Reasoning. Introduction and Applications", Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1992. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE-11), D. Kapur (editor), Saratoga Springs, NY, USA, June 15-18, 1992, Lecture Notes in AI 607, Springer-Verlag, 1992, 793 pages. ISBN 0-387-55602-8 and 3-540-55602-8. [The CADE proceedings have a systems abstracts section with short descriptions of implemented systems, many of which are available by anonymous ftp.] ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [18] Probabilistic Reasoning Neapolitan, Richard E., "Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems: Theory and Algorithms", John Wiley and Sons, 1990. [Practical guide to implementation.] Oliver, Robert M., and Smith, James Q., editors, "Influence Diagrams, Belief Nets and Decision Analysis", John Wiley and Sons, 1990. Pearl, Judea, "Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California, 1988. [Theoretical framework for Bayesian networks] Shafer, Glenn, and Pearl, Judea, "Readings in Uncertain Reasoning", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, California, 1990. 768 pages, ISBN 1-55860-125-2 paper ($49.95). R.O. Duda, P.E. Hart, and N.J. Nilsson, "Subjective Bayesian Methods for Rule-Based Inference Systems", In Proceedings of the 1976 National Computer Conference, pages 1075-1082, AFIPS, 1976. Charniak, Eugene, "Bayesian Networks without tears", AI Magazine 12(4):50-63, Winter 1991. [Intro to Bayesian networks for beginners] Abduction & Uncertainty: Charniak, E., "Motivation analysis, abductive unification, and nonmonotonic equality", Artifical Intelligence 34:275-95. Kass, A., "Adaptation-based explanation", 11th IJCAI, pages 141-47. Hobbs, J., et al., "Interpretation as abduction", SRI AI TR #499. Non-AI, but relevant: Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., and Tversky, A., "Judgement under uncertainty", Cambridge University Press. Micheal Smithson, "Ignorance and Uncertainty: Emerging Paradigms", Springer-Verlag, 1989. Current Research: Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence [2|3|4|5], North-Holland. Proceedings of the Nth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [19] Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Truth Maintenance Systems (TMS) Matthew L. Ginsberg, "Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1987. Reiter, Ray, "Nonmonotonic Reasoning", Annual Review of Computer Science, 2:147-186, 1987. (Appears in Ginsberg.) Doyle, J., "Truth Maintenance Systems", Artificial Intelligence, 12(3):231-272, 1979. Reiter, Raymond and de Kleer, Johan, "Foundations of Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance Systems: Preliminary Report", Proceedings of AAAI-87, pages 183-188. J.P. Martins, "The Truth, The Whole Truth And Nothing But the Truth: An Indexed Bibliography to the Literature of TMS's", AI Magazine (Special Issue), AAAI, 1990. De Kleer, J., "An assumption-based TMS", Artificial Intelligence 28:127-162, 1986. De Kleer, J., "Extending the ATMS", Artificial Intelligence 28:163-196, 1986. De Kleer, J., "Problem Solving with the ATMS", Artificial Intelligence 28:197-224, 1986. De Kleer, J., "A comparison of ATMS and CSP techniques", IJCAI 1989, pages 290-296. Kenneth D. Forbus and Johan de Kleer, "Building Problem Solvers", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1994, 700 pages, $50. ISBN 0-262-06157-0. [Good textbook.] Proceedings of AAAI 1988. Alex Kean and George Tsiknis, "Assumption based Reasoning and Clause Management Systems", Computational Intelligence 8(1):1-24, 1992. Alex Kean and George Tsiknis, "Clause Management Systems (CMS)", Computational Intelligence 9(1):11-40, 1993. Martins, Joao, & Shapiro, Stuart C., "A Model for Belief Revision," Artificial Intelligence 35:25-79 1988. Martins & Reinfrank (eds), "Truth Maintenance Systems", published by Springer Verlag in their 'Lecture Notes in Computer Science' series, 1991. Reinfrank, M., Dressler, O. and Brewka, G., On the Relation Between Truth Maintenance and Autoepistemic Logic, IJCAI 1989. Selman, B. and Levesque, H.J., "Abductive and Default Reasoning: A Computational Core", Proceedings of AAAI-90. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [20] Robotics and Computer Vision Introductions (Robotics): John J. Craig, "Introduction to Robotics", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1989. Joseph L. Jones, and Anita M. Flynn, "Mobile Robots: Inspiration to Implementation", A.K. Peters, Publisher, Wellesley, MA, 1993. 349 pages, $39.95. ISBN 1-56881-011-3. [Two papers in the Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence are relevant: Path planning and obstacle avoidance, pages 708-715 Mobile robots, pages 957-961] Introductions (Vision): David Marr, "Vision: a computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information", W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1982. [The classic text, still good.] Berthold K.P. Horn, "Robot Vision", MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, Cambridge, MA, 1986. 509 pages. ISBN 0-2620-815-98 (MIT Press), 0-0703-034-95 (McGraw-Hill). Vicki Bruce and Patrick R. Green, "Visual Perception: Physiology, Psychology and Ecology", 2nd Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1990. ISBN 0-86377-146-7. Martin D. Levine, "Vision in Man and Machine", McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985. Roger Watt, "Visual Processing: computational, psychophysical, and cognitive research", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988, 152 pages. Harry Wechsler, "Computation Vision", Academic Press, Boston, MA, 1990, 558 pages. E. Bruce Goldstein, "Sensation and Perception", 3rd edition, Wadsworth, Belmont CA, 1989, 598 pages, ISBN 0-534-09672-7. [Emphasis on the physiological aspects of visual perception.] Linda G. Shapiro and Azriel Rosenfeld, "Computer Vision and Image Processing", Academic Press, Boston, MA 1992, 623 pages. [One paper in the Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence is relevant: Sensors, pages 1031-1036] Surveys: J. Michael Brady, "Computational approaches to image understanding", ACM Computing Surveys 14(1):3-71, March 1982. (Survey of methods in computer vision.) Paper Collections: Martin A. Fischler and Oscar Firschein, editors, "Readings in Computer Vision", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1987. Michael S. Landy and Anthony J. Movshon, "Computational Models of Visual Processing", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991, 394 pages. [Collection of research papers.] Miscellaneous: The 6.270 Robot Builder's Guide, by Fred Martin. Available by anonymous ftp from kame.media.mit.edu:/pub/fredm/README [18.85.0.45] cherupakha.media.mit.edu:/pub/6270/docs/ [18.85.0.47] This directory contains "The 6.270 Robot Builder's Guide", the course notes to the 1992 MIT LEGO Robot Design Competition. For more information, contact Fred Martin <fredm@media.mit.edu>. Autonomous Agents: Rodney A. Brooks, "A Robust Layered Control System for a Mobile Robot", IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, 2:14-23, 1986. Rodney A. Brooks, "A Robot that Walks: Emergent Behaviour from a Carefully Evolved Network", Neural Computation, 1(2), 1989. Pattie Maes and Rodney A. Brooks, "Learning to Coordinate Behaviours", Proceedings of AAAI-90, 1990. Pattie Maes, "How to do the right thing", Connection Science 1(3):291-323, 1990, special issue on Hybrid Systems. Pattie Maes, "Designing Autonomous Agents: Theory and Practice from Biology to Engineering and Back", MIT Press, 1991. Pattie Maes, "A bottom-up mechanism for action selection in an artificial creature", in Adaptive Behaviour: From Animals to Animats, edited by S. Wilson and J-A Meijer, MIT Press, 1991. W. Lim and J. Eilbert, "Plan-behaviour interaction in autonomous navigation", Proceedings of the SPIE, 1388:464-475, 1991. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [21] Distributed AI Collections: Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser, "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1988. Michael N. Huhns, ed., "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", Morgan Kaufmann, 1987. Les Gasser and Michael N. Huhns, eds., "Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume II", Morgan Kaufmann, 1989. (Special Issue on Distributed AI) IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan 1981. (Special Issue on Distributed AI---10 years later) IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. 21, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1991. Decentralized Artificial Intelligence, Y. Demazeau ed. 1990, Decentralized AI 2, Demazeau, Y. & Muller, J-P, eds. 1991, Decentralized AI 3, Werner & Demazeau eds. 1992, all published by Elsevier Science Publishers . (Special Issue on Intelligent and Cooperative Problem Solving) International Journal of Intelligent & Cooperative Information Systems, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 1992. (Special Issue on Distributed AI) Group Decision and Negotiation, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1993. (Special Issue on Mathematical and Computational Models of Organizations: Models and Characteristics of Agent Behavior) International Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance, and Management, Vol 2., No. 4, December 1993. [Surveys can be found in the Bond & Gasser book listed above, and in: The Handbook of AI volume 4 1989; IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-17(5) 1987; Kluwer Academic's AI Review-6(1)1992.] ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [22] User/Agent Modeling Rapaport, William J., "Belief Representation Systems", in S. C. Shapiro (ed.), Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edition John Wiley, New York, pages 98-110, 1992. Afzal Ballim and Yorick Wilks, "Artifical Believers", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991. ISBN 0-8058-0453-6. Contains a 92 page background section on belief modeling in AI, Philosophy, NLP and Linguistics. Kobsa, A. & Wahlster, W. (1989) "User Models in Dialog Systems." Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. See also the journal User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction in part 3 of the AI FAQ. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [23] Philosophy of AI Margaret A. Boden, editor, "The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence", Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, 452 pages. Margaret A. Boden, "Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man", Harvester Press and Basic Books, 1977. 2nd edition, MIT Press, 1986. Leslie Burkholder, editor, "Philosophy and the Computer", Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1992. Robert Cummins and John Pollock, editors, "Philosophy and AI: Essays at the Interface", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. Daniel C. Dennett, "Consciousness explained", 1st edition, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1991, 511 pages, $27.95. Hubert L. Dreyfus, "What computers can't do: a critique of artificial reason", Harper and Row, Publishers, New York, 1972. ISBN 0-06011082-1 James H. Fetzer, editor, "Aspects of Artificial Intelligence", Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 1988. John Haugeland, "Artificial Intelligence: The very idea", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985, 287 pages. John Haugeland, editor, "Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1981, 368 pages. Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett, "The Mind's I: Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul", Basic Books, New York, 1981, 501 pages, $15.50. Kirsh, D., editor, "Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Special issues of Artificial Intelligence", The MIT Press, 1991. Reprinted from Artificial Intelligence 47(1--3), 1991. D. McDermott, "Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Stupidity," in Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, J. Haugeland, editor, chapter 5, pp. 143-160, MIT Press, 1981. Hans Moravec, "Mind Children: The future of robot and human intelligence", Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988, 214 pages. Roger Penrose, "The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics", Oxford University Press, New York, 1989, 466 pages, $30. H.A. Simon, "Sciences of the Artificial", 2nd Edition, MIT Press, 1981. A.M. Turing, "Computing Machinery And Intelligence," Mind, vol. LIX, no. 236, 1950. Reprinted in "Computers and Thought", Feigenbaum & Feldman (eds.), 1963. Also reprinted in "The Mind's I", Hofstadter & Dennett (eds.). Also reprinted in "Readings in Cognitive Science", Collins & Smith (eds.), section 1.1. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [24] What is Cyc? (Common Sense) Cyc is a project at MCC in Texas to build an enCYClopedic database and reasoning engine for common sense knowledge. R.V. Guha and Douglas B. Lenat, "Enabling agents to work together", CACM 37(7):127-142, 1994. "CYC", AI Magazine 1986, 7(1), 1986. "Cyc: A Mid-Term Report," AI Magazine, 11(3):32-59, Fall 1990. "Cyc: Toward Programs With Common Sense," CACM, 33(8):30-49, August 1990. "Knowledge and Natural Language Processing," CACM, Aug 1990. "When will machines learn?," Machine Learning, 4(3-4):255-257, December 1989. Douglas B. Lenat and R.V. Guha, "Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1991. ISBN 0-201-51752-3. For a critique of Cyc, see Stefik and Smoliar, "The Commonsense Reviews", Artificial Intelligence 61(1):37-40 1993. An annotated bibliography on the Cyc project by Will Fitzgerald was posted to comp.ai on 7-JUL-94. A copy of this bibliography is available as ftp.cs.cmu.edu:/user/ai/areas/doc/bib/cyc.txt ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [25] Miscellaneous: PhD Theses Be sure to check the proceedings of the various national conferences in the area that interests you. PhD theses can often be obtained from University Microfilms Internatinal, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [26] Videotapes and Magazines Videotapes: The 4th episode of the PBS series "The Machine That Changed the World" is a good introduction to AI. It is available for $90 from Films for the Humanities, 1-800-257-5126. Morgan Kaufmann also has a good set of tapes of AI-related lectures, but it runs on the expensive side. AI-related magazines include: AI EXPERT Miller Freeman, Inc., 600 Harrison Street, San Francisco, CA 94107. Subscriptions: 1-800-274-2534 or 303-447-9330 $42/year (12 issues), $6 extra in Canada and Mexico, $15 extra (surface mail) or $40 (air mail) for overseas. Canadian GST# 124513185. For back-issues, call 1-800-444-4881. Submissions: Larry O'Brien, Editor in Chief, <72212.3256@compuserve.com> PC AI (ISSN 0894-0711) 3310 West Bell Road, Suite 119, Phoenix, AZ 85023. Subscriptions: 602-971-1869, fax 602-971-2321. $28/year (6 issues); $54 for two years; $78 for three years. $9 extra in Canada and Mexico, $25 extra (air mail) for all other countries. Both magazines are excellent sources of commercial product reviews and frequently publish "Product Guides/Showcases" that list many of the commercial products available in a particular area of AI, such as expert systems, neural nets, natural language processing, and so on. BYTE Magazine does occasional features on AI topics. Program listings for those articles are available by anonymous ftp from ftp.uu.net:/published/byte/ ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [27] Constraint-based Scheduling Operations Research books: Kenneth R. Baker, "Introduction to Sequencing and Scheduling", John Wiley and Sons, 1974. Jacques Carlier and Philippe Chretienne, "Problemes d'ordonnancement: Modelisation / Complexite / Algorithmes", Masson, 1988. Edward G. Coffman Jr., editor, "Computers and Job-Shop Scheduling Theory", John Wiley and Sons, 1976. Review articles: Stephen C. Graves, "A Review of Production Scheduling", Operations Research, 29(4):646-675, 1981. Karl G. Kempf, "Manufacturing Planning and Scheduling: Where We Are and Where We Need To Be", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Miami, Florida, 1989. Karl Kempf, Claude Le Pape, Stephen F. Smith and Barry R. Fox, "Issues in the Design of AI-Based Schedulers: A Workshop Report", AI Magazine, 11(5):37-46, 1991. Karl Kempf, Bruce Russell, Sanjiv Sidhu and Stu Barrett, "AI-Based Schedulers in Manufacturing Practice: Report of a Panel Discussion", AI Magazine, 11(5):46-55, 1991. Mitchell S. Steffen, "A Survey of Artificial Intelligence-Based Scheduling Systems", Proceedings of the Fall Industrial Engineering Conference, Boston, MA, 1986. Miscellaneous: S.H. Clearwater, B.A. Huberman, and T. Hogg, "Cooperative solution of constraint satisfaction problems", Science 254(5035):1181-1183, November 22, 1991. Mark S. Fox and Norman Sadeh, "Why is scheduling difficult? A CSP perspective." In Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-90), pages 754-767, 1990. P. J. M. Val Laarhoven, E. H. L. Aarts, and J. K. Lenstra, "Job shop scheduling by simulated annealing", Operations Research 40(1):113-125, January-February 1992. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [28] Music and AI David Cope, "Computers and Musical Style", A-R Editions, Madison, WS, 1991. 246 pages, ISBN 0-895-79256-7. [Music composition by computer using ATNs.] Mira Balaban, Kemal Ebcioglu, and Otto Laske, editors, "Understanding Music with AI: Perspectives on Music Cognition", MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992. 512 pages, ISBN 0-262-52170-9, $39.95. Minds and Machines 2(4) November 1992 was devoted to music and cognition, and there were some relevant book reviews in 3(1) February 1993. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [29] AI and Education Etienne Wenger, "Artificial Intelligence and Tuturing Systems", Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Los Altos, CA, 1987. Jill H. Larkin and Ruth W. Chabay, "Computer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems: Shared goals and complementary approaches", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 1992, 280 pages. ISBN 0-80580-233-9. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [30] Blackboard Architectures Overviews: Penny Nii, "Blackboard Systems", AI Magazine 7(3), 1986. Daniel D. Corkill, "Blackboard Systems", AI Expert 6(9):40-47, September 1991. Texts: Ian D. Craig, "Blackboard Systems", Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1994. 240 pages, ISBN 1-56750-029-3 paper ($24.50). [Tutorial introduction/text.] Paper Collections: Robert S. Engelmore and Anthony Morgan, editors, "Blackboard Systems", Addison-Wesley, 1988. [Contains all classic papers on blackboard systems up to around 1986; some papers were revised for this book.] V. Jagannathan, Rajendra Dodhiawala, and Lawrence S. Baum, editors, "Blackboard Architectures and Applications", Academic Press, 1989 [Research efforts from 1986 to 1988.] ---------------------------------------------------------------- Subject: [31] Temporal Reasoning and Modal Logic Mehmet A. Orgun, "Temporal and Modal Logic Programming: An Annotated Bibliography", SIGART Bulletin 5(3):52-59, July 1994. ---------------------------------------------------------------- ;;; *EOF*